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1 #-----------------------------------------------------------------
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2 # $Id: AbstractStateMachine.pm,v 1.9 2002/10/22 07:38:49 lapp Exp $
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3 #
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4 # BioPerl module Bio::Tools::StateMachine::AbstractStateMachine
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5 #
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6 # Cared for by Steve Chervitz <sac@bioperl.org>
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7 #
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8 # You may distribute this module under the same terms as perl itself
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9 #-----------------------------------------------------------------
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10
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11 =head1 NAME
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12
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13 Bio::Tools::StateMachine::AbstractStateMachine - Abstract state machine object
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14
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15 =head1 SYNOPSIS
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16
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17 Here is a portion of an implementation. For the full example, see
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18 examples/state-machine.pl in the Bioperl distribution.
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19
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20 package SimpleStateMachine;
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21
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22 use Bio::Root::Root;
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23 use Bio::Tools::StateMachine::AbstractStateMachine qw($INITIAL_STATE
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24 $FINAL_STATE);
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25 use vars qw( @ISA );
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26
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27 @ISA = qw( Bio::Root::Root
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28 Bio::Tools::StateMachine::AbstractStateMachine );
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29
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30 my @state_transitions = ( [ $INITIAL_STATE, 'State1'],
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31 [ 'State1', 'State2' ],
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32 [ 'State2', $FINAL_STATE]
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33 );
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34 sub new {
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35 my($caller,@args) = @_;
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36 my $self = $caller->SUPER::new( @args);
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37 $self->_init_state_machine( -transition_table => \@state_transitions );
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38 return $self;
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39 }
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40
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41
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42
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43 =head1 DESCRIPTION
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44
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45 B<AbstractStateMachine> provides a generic framework for representing a
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46 state machine. This is not an event-based framework where you register
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47 handlers to be called when certain events occur. Instead, it provides
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48 a set of methods that define the basic logic of an object that has
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49 state behavior, that logic being:
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50
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51 =over 4
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52
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53 =item 1. Check for whether or not a new state has occurred in the external world.
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54
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55 =item 2. If so, change the state of the machine to the new state.
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56
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57 =item 3. Otherwise, keep checking current conditions for a new state.
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58
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59 =item 4. Stop checking for new states if we reach the final state, or if an error occurs.
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60
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61 =back
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62
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63 A B<state> is just a string representing the name of the state. A
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64 state machine is initialized with a B<state transition table>
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65 consisting of a set of allowable transitions, where each B<transition>
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66 is a two-element array in which the first element is the B<from
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67 state>, and the second element is the B<to state>. This table permits
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68 the AbstractStateMachine to determine if a requested transition is
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69 valid.
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70
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71 This module is flexible enough to represent both deterministic and
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72 non-deterministic finite automata (DFAs and NFAs), but it is fairly
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73 new and should be considered experimental.
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74
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75 The key methods in AbstractStateMachine that define this logic of
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76 operation are:
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77
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78 =over 4
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79
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80 =item check_for_new_state().
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81
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82 Does whatever checking is necessary to determine if a state transition
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83 should occur (for example, read a line of input from STDIN). If a
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84 transition should occur, a string is returned containing the name of
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85 the new state. Otherwise, it returns C<undef>.
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86
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87 This method B<must be implemented> as AbstractStateMachine does not
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88 define it (and in fact will throw a NotImplemented exception if you
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89 fail to implement it).
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90
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91 =item change_state( C<new_state> )
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92
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93 Causes the machine to change its state to the state specified in the
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94 argument. change_state() allows you to mapping a state transition to a
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95 particular handler method that does whatever processing is needed to
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96 deal with the state transition.
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97
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98 =item run()
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99
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100 This method keeps calling check_for_new_state() and if that method
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101 returns a defined value (the name of the state to change to), it then
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102 calls change_state( $state ), where $state is the value returned by
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103 check_for_new_state().
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104
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105 Before calling check_for_new_state(), the run() method checks the
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106 current state of the machine and exits the loop if the current state
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107 ever becomes $PAUSE_STATE, $ERROR_STATE, or $FINAL_STATE.
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108
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109 =item append_input_cache( C<data> )
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110
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111 Adds data to a buffer for processing at the next state
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112 transition. check_for_new_state() should call
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113 append_input_cache() passing it any data it receives while checking
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114 for a new state that should be processed later.
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115
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116 =item get_input_cache()
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117
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118 Retrieves the data stored by calling
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119 append_input_cache(). change_state() should call get_input_cache() to
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120 obtain the data to be processed for the current transition.
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121
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122 =back
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123
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124 This object defines an abstract class, meaning that some but not all methods
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125 have been implemented. Subclasses must define the methods not implemented here.
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126 These include at a minimum:
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127
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128 =over 4
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129
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130 =item check_for_new_state()
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131
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132 =item change_state()
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133
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134 A default simple implementation of change_state() is provided, but
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135 subclasses of AbstractStateMachine most likely will want to override
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136 this method to do something useful according to the particular state
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137 change.
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138
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139 =back
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140
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141 If your state machine needs to cache input while processing, you will
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142 also need to provide implementations of these methods (which are no-op
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143 in AbstractStateMachine):
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144
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145 =over 3
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146
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147 =item append_input_cache
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148
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149 =item get_input_cache
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150
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151 =item clear_input_cache
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152
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153 =back
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154
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155 There are some other nuances provided by AbstractStateMachine, such as
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156 the ability to pause() and resume() the running of the machine.
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157
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158
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159 =head1 EXAMPLES
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160
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161 To get a feel for how to use this, have look at scripts in the
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162 examples/state-machine directory of the Bioperl distribution. Also
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163 have a look at Bio::Tools::StateMachine::IOStateMachine which provides
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164 a Bio::Root::IO-based implementation of
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165 AbstractStateMachine. Bio::SearchIO::psiblast subclasses
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166 IOStateMachine.
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167
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168
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169 =head1 FEEDBACK
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170
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171 =head2 Mailing Lists
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172
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173 User feedback is an integral part of the evolution of this and other
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174 Bioperl modules. Send your comments and suggestions preferably to one
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175 of the Bioperl mailing lists. Your participation is much appreciated.
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176
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177 bioperl-l@bioperl.org - General discussion
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178 http://bio.perl.org/MailList.html - About the mailing lists
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179
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180 =head2 Reporting Bugs
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181
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182 Report bugs to the Bioperl bug tracking system to help us keep track
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183 the bugs and their resolution. Bug reports can be submitted via email
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184 or the web:
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185
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186 bioperl-bugs@bio.perl.org
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187 http://bugzilla.bioperl.org/
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188
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189 =head1 AUTHOR
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190
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191 Steve Chervitz, E<lt>sac@bioperl.orgE<gt>
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192
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193 See the L<FEEDBACK | FEEDBACK> section for where to send bug reports and comments.
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194
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195 =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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196
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197 I would like to acknowledge my colleagues at Affymetrix for useful
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198 feedback.
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199
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200 =head1 COPYRIGHT
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201
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202 Copyright (c) 2001 Steve Chervitz. All Rights Reserved.
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203
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204 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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205 it under the same terms as Perl itself.
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206
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207 =cut
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208
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209 =head1 DISCLAIMER
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210
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211 This software is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind.
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212
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213 =head1 APPENDIX
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214
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215 The rest of the documentation details each of the object methods.
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216 Internal methods are usually preceded with a _
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217
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218 =cut
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219
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220
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221 # Let the code begin...
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222
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223 package Bio::Tools::StateMachine::AbstractStateMachine;
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224
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225 use strict;
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226 use Bio::Root::RootI;
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227 use Exporter ();
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228
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229 use vars qw( @ISA @EXPORT_OK $INITIAL_STATE $FINAL_STATE $PAUSE_STATE $ERROR_STATE );
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230 @ISA = qw( Bio::Root::RootI Exporter );
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231 @EXPORT_OK = qw( $INITIAL_STATE $FINAL_STATE $PAUSE_STATE $ERROR_STATE );
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232
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233 @Bio::Tools::StateMachine::StateException::ISA = qw( Bio::Root::Exception );
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234
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235 $INITIAL_STATE = 'Initial';
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236 $FINAL_STATE = 'Final';
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237 $PAUSE_STATE = 'Pause';
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238 $ERROR_STATE = 'Error';
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239
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240 sub _init_state_machine {
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241 my ($self, @args ) = @_;
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242 my ($transition_table) = $self->_rearrange( [qw(TRANSITION_TABLE)], @args);
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243
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244 $self->verbose and print STDERR "Initializing State Machine...\n";
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245
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246 if($transition_table) {
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247 $self->_set_transition_table( $transition_table );
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248 }
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249
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250 $self->add_transition( $INITIAL_STATE, $FINAL_STATE );
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251 $self->_set_current_state( $INITIAL_STATE );
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252 }
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253
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254 sub reset {
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255 my $self = shift;
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256 $self->verbose and print STDERR "Resetting state machine\n";
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257 $self->_set_current_state( $INITIAL_STATE );
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258 }
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259
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260 sub _set_current_state {
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261 my ($self, $state) = @_;
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262 if( defined $state) {
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263 $self->verbose and print STDERR " setting current state to $state\n";
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264 $self->{'_current_state'} = $state;
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265 }
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266 }
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267
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268 sub current_state { shift->{'_current_state'} }
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269
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270 sub initial_state { $INITIAL_STATE }
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271
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272 sub final_state { $FINAL_STATE }
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273
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274 sub pause_state { $PAUSE_STATE }
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275
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276 sub error_state { $ERROR_STATE }
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277
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278 sub resume_state {
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279 my ($self, $state) = @_;
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280 if( $state ) {
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281 $self->{'_resume_state'} = $state;
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282 }
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283 $self->{'_resume_state'};
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284 }
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285
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286 sub _clear_resume_state {
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287 my $self = shift;
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288 undef $self->{'_resume_state'};
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289 }
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290
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291 =head2 running
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292
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293 The machine is either running or not running.
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294 Once the machine has stopped running, it cannot be re-started.
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295 Use pause() to temporarily halt a machine without exiting the run state.
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296
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297 =cut
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298
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299 sub running { shift->{'_running'} }
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300
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301 sub _set_running {
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302 my $self = shift;
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303 $self->{'_running'} = shift;
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304 }
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305
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306 sub run {
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307 my ($self, @args) = @_;
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308
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309 my $verbose = $self->verbose;
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310 my $curr_state = $self->current_state;
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311 $self->_set_running( 1 );
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312
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313 while( not ($curr_state eq $PAUSE_STATE ||
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314 $curr_state eq $ERROR_STATE ||
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315 $curr_state eq $FINAL_STATE )) {
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316
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317 $verbose and print STDERR "Current state (run): ${\$self->current_state}\n";
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318
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319 if( my $state = $self->check_for_new_state()) {
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320 $self->change_state( $state );
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321 }
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322
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323 $curr_state = $self->current_state;
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324 }
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325
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326 # Handle EOF situations
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327 if( not ($curr_state eq $PAUSE_STATE ||
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328 $curr_state eq $FINAL_STATE )) {
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329
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330 $self->change_state( $FINAL_STATE );
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331 $self->_set_running( 0 );
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332 }
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333
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334 $verbose and print STDERR "StateMachine Run complete ($curr_state).\n";
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335 }
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336
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337 # The pause() and resume() methods don't go through change_state()
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338 sub pause {
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339 my ($self) = @_;
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340 # print "PAUSING...\n";
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341 $self->resume_state( $self->current_state );
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342 $self->_set_current_state( $PAUSE_STATE );
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343 # print "After pause(): Current state: ${\$self->current_state}\n";
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344 }
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345
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346 sub paused {
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347 my ($self) = @_;
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348 return $self->current_state eq $PAUSE_STATE;
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349 }
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350
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351 sub throw{
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352 my ($self,@args) = @_;
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353 $self->_set_current_state( $ERROR_STATE );
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354 $self->_set_running( 0 );
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355 $self->SUPER::throw( @args );
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356 }
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357
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358 sub error {
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359 my ($self, $err) = @_;
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360 return $self->current_state eq $ERROR_STATE;
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361 }
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362
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363 sub resume {
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364 my ($self) = @_;
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365
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366 # Don't resume if we're done.
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367 return if $self->current_state eq $FINAL_STATE;
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368
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369 # print "RESUMING...\n";
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370 $self->_set_current_state( $self->resume_state );
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371 $self->_clear_resume_state;
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372 $self->run();
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373 }
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374
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375 =head2 transition_table
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376
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377 Arg : n/a
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378 Returns : An array of array references to two-element arrays.
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379 Each array ref defines a single transition where
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380 the first element is the name of the "from" state and
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381 the second element is the name of the "to" state.
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382
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383 Example : $sm->transition_table( [ $INITIAL_STATE, 'State1'],
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384 [ 'State1', 'State2' ],
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385 [ 'State2', 'State3' ],
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386 [ 'State3', $FINAL_STATE]
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387 );
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388
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389 =cut
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390
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391 sub transition_table {
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392 my ($self) = @_;
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393
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394 return @{$self->{'_transition_table'}};
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395 }
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396
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397 sub _set_transition_table {
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398 my ($self, $table_ref) = @_;
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399
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400 my $verbose = $self->verbose;
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401 $verbose and print STDERR "Setting state transition table:\n";
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402
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403 if( not ref($table_ref) eq 'ARRAY') {
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404 $self->throw( -class => 'Bio::Root::BadParameter',
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405 -text => "Can't set state transition table: Arg wasn't an array reference."
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406 );
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407 }
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408
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409 foreach my $t (@$table_ref) {
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410 if( ref($t) and scalar(@$t) == 2 ) {
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411 push @{$self->{'_transition_table'}->{$t->[0]}}, $t->[1];
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412 $verbose and print STDERR " adding: $t->[0] -> $t->[1]\n";
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413 }
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414 else {
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415 $self->throw( -class => 'Bio::Root::BadParameter',
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416 -text => "Can't add state transition from table: Not a 2-element array reference ($t)"
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417 );
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418 }
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419 }
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420 }
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421
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422 =head2 add_transition
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423
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424 Arg : Two string arguments where:
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425 First string = name of the "from" state.
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426 Second string = name of the "to" state.
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427 Throws : A Bio::Root::BadParameter exception if two arguments
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428 are not provided.
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429
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430 =cut
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431
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432 sub add_transition {
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433 my ($self, $from, $to) = @_;
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434
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435 if( defined($from) and defined($to) ) {
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436 push @{$self->{'_transition_table'}->{$from}}, $to;
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437 }
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438 else {
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439 $self->throw( -class => 'Bio::Root::BadParameter',
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440 -text => "Can't add state transition: Insufficient arguments."
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441 );
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442 }
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443 }
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444
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445
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446 =head2 change_state
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447
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448 Purpose : To cause the machine to change its state.
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449 Argument : A String containing the name of the the new state.
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450 Returns : n/a
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451 Throws : A Bio::Tools::StateMachine::StateException exception if the
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452 state transition cannot be carried out.
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453
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454 This is a default implementation that simply validates the state change
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455 (by calling validate_transition) and then calls finalize_state_change()
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456 if the transition is valid.
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457
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458 Subclasses of AbstractStateMachine most likely will want to override this
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459 method to do something useful according to the particular state change.
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460
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461 =cut
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462
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463 sub change_state {
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464 my ($self, $new_state) = @_;
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465
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466 $self->verbose and print STDERR " changing state to $new_state\n";
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467
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468 if ( $self->validate_transition( $self->current_state, $new_state, 1 ) ) {
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469 $self->finalize_state_change( $new_state, 1 );
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470 }
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471
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472 }
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473
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474
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475 =head2 get_transitions_from
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476
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477 Purpose : Returns a list array references that have the indicated state
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478 in their 'from' slot.
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479
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480 =cut
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481
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482 sub get_transitions_from {
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483 my ($self, $state) = @_;
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484
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485 my @trans = ();
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486 if( ref $self->{'_transition_table'}->{$state}) {
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487 @trans = @{$self->{'_transition_table'}->{$state}};
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488 }
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489
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490 return @trans;
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491 }
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492
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493 =head2 validate_transition
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494
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495 Purpose : Determines if the desired state change is defined within
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496 the set of registered transitions for this StateMachine.
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497 Arg : Two required arguments:
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498 [0] string defining the name of the "from" state (case sensitive)
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499 [1] string defining the name of the "to" state (case sensitive)
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500 Returns : True if the transition is valid.
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501 If not valid, throws an exception.
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502 Throws : A Bio::Tools::StateMachine::StateException if the desired
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503 transition does not exist with the registered transitions
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504 for this machine.
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505 Throws : A Bio::Root::BadParameter if insufficient arguments are given.
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506
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507 =cut
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508
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509 sub validate_transition {
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510 my ($self, $from_state, $to_state ) = @_;
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511
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512 #print STDERR " validating transition $from_state -> $to_state\n";
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513
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514 if( not( defined($from_state) and defined($to_state))) {
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|
515 $self->throw( -class => 'Bio::Root::BadParameter',
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516 -text => "Can't validate state transition: Insufficient arguments.");
|
|
517 }
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|
518
|
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519 my $is_valid = 0;
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|
520
|
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521 foreach my $t ( $self->get_transitions_from( $from_state ) ) {
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522 if( $t eq $to_state ) {
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523 # if( $t->[1] eq $to_state ) {
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|
524 $is_valid = 1;
|
|
525 last;
|
|
526 }
|
|
527 }
|
|
528
|
|
529 if( not $is_valid ) {
|
|
530 $self->throw( -class => 'Bio::Tools::StateMachine::StateException',
|
|
531 -text => "The desired state change is not valid for this machine: $from_state -> $to_state");
|
|
532 }
|
|
533
|
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534 #print STDERR " valid!\n";
|
|
535
|
|
536 return $to_state;
|
|
537 }
|
|
538
|
|
539 =head2 check_for_new_state
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|
540
|
|
541 Purpose : To do whatever checking is necessary to determine if
|
|
542 a state transition should occur.
|
|
543 Argument : Any necessary data required to determine if the state
|
|
544 machine should change to a new state.
|
|
545 Returns : A string containing the name of the new state if the
|
|
546 state machine should change to a new state.
|
|
547 Otherwise returns undef.
|
|
548
|
|
549 This is a virtual method and must be implemented by a subclass to do
|
|
550 whatever checking is necessary to determine if a state transition should occur.
|
|
551 If not implemented, calling this method will result in a
|
|
552 Bio::Root::NotImplemented exception.
|
|
553
|
|
554 =cut
|
|
555
|
|
556 sub check_for_new_state {
|
|
557 my ($self, $data) = @_;
|
|
558 $self->throw_not_implemented;
|
|
559 }
|
|
560
|
|
561 sub append_input_cache {
|
|
562 my ($self, $data) = @_;
|
|
563 }
|
|
564
|
|
565 sub get_input_cache {
|
|
566 my $self = shift;
|
|
567 }
|
|
568
|
|
569 sub clear_input_cache {
|
|
570 my $self = shift;
|
|
571 }
|
|
572
|
|
573 sub state_change_cache {
|
|
574 my ($self, $data) = @_;
|
|
575 if( defined $data ) {
|
|
576 $self->{'_state_change_cache'} = $data;
|
|
577 }
|
|
578 return $self->{'_state_change_cache'};
|
|
579 }
|
|
580
|
|
581 sub clear_state_change_cache {
|
|
582 my ($self, $data) = @_;
|
|
583 $self->{'_state_change_cache'} = undef;
|
|
584 }
|
|
585
|
|
586
|
|
587 =head2 finalize_state_change
|
|
588
|
|
589 Purpose : Performs routine operations to finish changing state.
|
|
590 This method should be called at the end of change_state().
|
|
591 Usage : finalize_state_change( $new_state, $clear_input_cache );
|
|
592 Argument : $new_state = the name of the state to change to.
|
|
593 $clear_input_cache = boolean whether or not to zap whatever
|
|
594 was in the input cache. Depends on
|
|
595 the logic of your state machine.
|
|
596
|
|
597 =cut
|
|
598
|
|
599 sub finalize_state_change {
|
|
600 my ($self, $to_state, $clear_input_cache ) = @_;
|
|
601
|
|
602 if( $self->paused ) {
|
|
603 $self->resume_state( $to_state );
|
|
604 }
|
|
605 else {
|
|
606 $self->_set_current_state( $to_state );
|
|
607 }
|
|
608 $self->clear_input_cache() if $clear_input_cache;
|
|
609 $self->append_input_cache( $self->state_change_cache );
|
|
610 $self->clear_state_change_cache();
|
|
611 }
|
|
612
|
|
613
|
|
614 1;
|
|
615
|
|
616
|